Research Paper
The golden age of online readout: EEG-informed TMS from manual probing to closed-loop neuromodulation
NeuroImage11/15/2025·11/15/25🌐 Europe
Summary
This comprehensive review outlines the evolution of TMS-EEG methodology through four implementations: EEG-blind TMS, EEG-informed TMS, EEG-triggered TMS, and closed-loop TMS. Emerging closed-loop systems represent a shift toward adaptive, data-driven neuromodulation that personalizes stimulation parameters in real time based on ongoing brain states.
Why it matters
Closed-loop TMS could dramatically improve treatment precision and outcomes in psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review provides a roadmap for the field's progression toward personalized brain stimulation, with implications for next-generation TMS devices and clinical protocols.
#TMS#EEG#Closed-Loop#Neurostimulation#Non-invasive#AI Diagnostics
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