Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Neuromodulation Across Neurological Disorders Toward Personalized Brain Stimulation: A Narrative Review
Summary
This narrative review synthesizes evidence on open-loop and closed-loop neuromodulation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. Closed-loop adaptive DBS systems incorporate real-time biomarkers to adjust stimulation, improving symptom control while reducing stimulation time and prolonging device longevity. The review highlights the role of biomarkers, adaptive algorithms, and machine learning in shaping personalized neuromodulation.
Why it matters
Personalized neuromodulation represents a paradigm shift in brain stimulation therapy. Understanding the comparative advantages and translational challenges of closed-loop systems helps clinicians, device manufacturers, and researchers navigate the evolving landscape of precision neuromodulation.
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